In this article, collective alienation means the reduction of density or rate of real relationship to possible relationship in social networks of family, kinship, friendship, colleague and neighborhood. The Fundamental hypothesis of this research indicates that virtual communication has a binary effect on collective alienation. This effect is reductive in the condition of long-term communication and feminine sexuality whereas it is increasing in the condition of short-term communication are masculine sexuality. The results of the hypothesis inquiry on the social networks of a sample of 160 residents of MASHAD CITY, aged 16 years old and over indicates that: Firstly; collective alienation in social networks of MASHAD CITY is high on the whole. Secondly; virtual communication accumulation is much more than that of face to face communication. Thirdly; there isn’t a relation between virtual communication accumulation and collective alienation in all networks. Finaly; in spite of the prediction, the increase of virtual communication within family and friendship networks, has been reductive to collective alienation.

In this paper reasons of land subsidence in Andisheh street area in Northwest of MASHAD CITY are investigated. The subsidence in this area began simultaneous with the using of constructed building in 2008. This phenomenon results to 1.5 meter ground subsidence and 4 residential building completely destroyed and 15 other buildings became out of service. Aerial photograph indicate that this area is a part of Chelbazeh Fan and the streams of area were used for depot of demolition wastes in the past. For evaluation of thickness and properties of man-made soils in this area 46 handy borehole excavated and electrical resistivity are measured in 9 points. Finally the isothickness map of man-made soil is produced based on the results of Geotechnical and geoelectrical studies. The results of insitu tests showed that clear difference between the density of man-made and natural soil. The average density of man-made and insitu soil were 1.55 g/cm3 and more than 1.8 g/cm3, respectively. The compressibility tests show that the man-made soil are high potential of compressibility and there is a inverse linear relationship between settlement percentage and soil density.

The method of production and use of energy is one of the contributing factors to environmental pollution on national, regional and international scales. The US, the UK and Scandinavian countries have been using simultaneous production of electriCITY and heat and applying the district heating (DH) system as one means of optimizing energy use. This paper applies the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and adjusted internal rate of return (MIRR) methods to asses the financial and economic viability of electriCITY and heat simultaneous production and applying the District Heating (DH) system in a region of MASHAD CITY.The study then moves on to evaluate the sensitivity of its results. The results show that this project is economically and financially feasible. In addition, the results of the sensitivity analysis show that the export price of natural gas is the most important factor influencing the economic parameters of the viability of the project.

Drought is a climatological hazard and is a part of the climate of a region. This climatological phenomenon has some properties that distinguish it from other natural disasters. Drought is a gradual phenomenon and when the amount of moisture and precipitation become less than normal value in a certain period, its damages are non- structural in this condition and it is said that drought has occurred. Researches show that drought damages are the highest among natural disasters. Therefore the extensive monitoring or creating an early warning system in the drought prone area is inevitable. One of the basic instruments of drought monitoring is the application of its index. In this paper Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) has been assessed as a valid and applicable model. The PDSI uses temperature (T), precipitation (P) and available water holding capaCITY (AWC) of the soil. Using these data for each period, potential amount of evapotranspiration is calculated based on two layer model for soil moisture computations. Then, other parameters such as potential of recharge and potential of runoff are being calculated. Finally the model output results which are monthly deviation moisture (Z) and drought severity index (X3i) have been determined to use designed software for mashed synoptic station for the statistical period (1971-2003).

Suspended particles management is one of the important issues in controlling the air pollution of cities. These particles cause and develop heart and respiratory diseases in people. Mashhad is considered as one of the main and populous cities of Iran. Because of its climatic conditions and its tourism, the CITY is at the highest risk of this type of pollution. We attempted to use the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network and a Markov chain model to predict PM10 concentrations the CITY. We applied hourly data of CO, SO2 , PM2.5 and temperature in late March and April 2015. Out of 1488 data series, 1300 data were used for network training and 188 data were used for validation. The results indicated the optimal performance of these methods in predicting of the amount of pollutants and also the probability of occurrence of hours with different quality of contamination. The best MLP artificial neural network model predicted the amount of pollutant particles with a coefficient of determination (R2 ) 0.88, index of agreement of 0.91 and a mean square error of 2.26. Also, the Markov model with average absolute error predicted about 0.1 percent of the probability of transferring the condition and the continuation of different states of air pollution caused by suspended particles.

Solid Waste is one of the unavoidable products of every society that necessitates the establishment of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. Because of variability in quantity and composition of municipal solid wastes, the management methods are varied in terms of costs and environmental effects. Choice of the appropriate methods is largely facilitated through a decision support tool (DST). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with cradle to grave approach is one such tool that has been introduced in the last decade. In this study, we used this method to study the municipal solid waste management system of MASHAD CITY. We developed three scenarios consisting of direct transport, composting and establishment of transfer stations. Inventory data for life cycle assessment were gathered from relevant literature, completed projects and through questionnaires and field works.The life cycle inventory (LCI) was accomplished using IWM-1 model and the results of the model were allocated to five categories consisting of energy consumption, greenhouse gases, acid gases, photochemical gases and toxic emissions. In every category, the ecological index as a quantitative measure to compare scenarios was calculated. From an environmental view, the results of this study showed that the composting alternative for managing wastes in MASHAD CITY has lower environmental loads. Also, in the case that landfills and processing facilities are far apart, establishment of transfer stations may have important role in decreasing the energy consumption and environmental emissions.

The issue of responsibility on the part of the youth and the level of their loyalty to the basic principles and regulations dominating the community are among the basic issues in social sciences realm, especially in sociology. Undoubtedly, social order and security as establishment of coordination among components of social system in order to achieve the objectives of the whole system is one of the important characteristics of ideal society. The issue is accomplished when members of the society as elements which form components of social system follow their own responsibilities and implement them, and consider themselves responsible to other members of the society. The present article mainly aims at reviewing the level of accountability of the youth toward the society and its relationship with social security feeling in MASHAD CITY.The research is conducted through survey, and questionnaire is used for this purpose. In order to facilitate and speed up the research and save time and money, 385 young people selected through random systematic method for survey.Nominal validity, index for reliability, and Cronbach’s Alpha for stability of research tools is used. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient statistical methods, variance analysis for testing hypotheses, regression technique and path analysis to assess research model are used, as well.Findings and Conclusion: Based on the research findings, there is a signifi- cant relationship between social responsibility (r=0.64), social commitment (r=0.52), social trust (r=0.72), and the youth education (r=0.34) and social security feeling. Results of regression coefficient indicates that social commitment (Beta=0.32), social responsibility (Beta=0.15), social trust (Beta=0.12) and education (Beta=0.11) based on their level importance in relation with dependent variable have entered the regression equation, and all together they have managed to explain and justify 63 percent of the dependent variable variance (R=0.63). Findings of the research indicate that the more responsible are the youth, the more secure will be the society.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran CITY. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..